As a bilingual Spanish-English speaker, I had always wondered whether knowing two languages had any long-term benefits. It turns out I wasn’t alone in asking that question; for the past two decades, scientists have been studying how bilingualism shapes the brain, and the findings are compelling.
One of the most consistent results is that bilingual adults tend to develop dementia symptoms later than monolinguals. While the exact size of the effect varies, the overall message is the same: speaking more than one language challenges the brain in ways that may help keep it resilient.
Why might this be the case? Scientists believe the key lies in how the brain manages two active language systems. In bilingual speakers, both languages are activated simultaneously, and the brain must efficiently select the intended word while inhibiting the other. Over time, this repeated practice appears to strengthen networks involved in attention, flexibility, and problem-solving. Researchers believe this practice also helps build what’s called cognitive reserve, the brain’s capacity to stay flexible and compensate as it ages.
The benefits of bilingualism also extend well beyond brain health. Knowing another language opens doors to culture, travel, and deeper connections with others. These experiences—staying curious, socially engaged, and mentally active—are themselves protective for long-term well-being.
Where to Begin?
People often assume you have to grow up bilingual to experience these benefits, but that’s not true. While learning a second language early may have the greatest long-term impact, research suggests that even starting in adulthood can be beneficial. You don’t need to be perfect—the effort of using and switching between languages is what matters most.
If you’re thinking about learning another language—or picking one back up—here are some best practices that can make a difference:
Immerse yourself daily.
Consistent daily exposure—through music, TV, podcasts, or even labeling items at home—reinforces learning in a way that feels natural and sustainable.
Practice speaking early.
Even short, imperfect conversations strengthen memory and attention.
Mix your methods.
Combine apps like Duolingo or Babbel with books, classes, or tutors for deeper learning.
Stay social.
Join a class, conversation group, or online exchange. Social engagement itself supports brain health.
Make it meaningful.
Focus on words and phrases tied to your life—ordering food, greeting a neighbor, or talking about hobbies.
Bilingualism isn’t a cure for cognitive decline, but it does seem to strengthen the brain and support healthier aging. For me, it’s reassuring to know that something so central to my identity may also serve as a buffer for the future.
Speaking two languages connects me to family, culture, and community—and now I know it can also nurture my brain. That’s more than enough reason to keep practicing and carrying those skills forward.
Dr. Cynthia Abinader is a clinical neuropsychologist with specialized expertise in the assessment of older adults with complex medical and neurological conditions. As a Spanish-speaking provider, Dr. Abinader is committed to offering culturally responsive and linguistically appropriate care for bilingual and Spanish-speaking individuals. She values a collaborative, team-based approach to assessment and care planning, emphasizing the integration of cognitive, functional, and emotional health to develop personalized recommendations that support both patients and their families.
